Yiziphi Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Ze-PU Foam Evimbela Umlilo Ekuphepheni Kwesakhiwo? | Umehluko Wesikhathi Esibucayi

Ukuphepha kwesakhiwo kuyisici esibalulekile sokwakhiwa kwesimanje, futhi izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni izakhiwo zithinta kakhulu lokhu kuphepha. Phakathi kwalezi zinto, i-foam ye-polyurethane evimbela umlilo (PU) ivelele njengesixazululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-PU evimbela umlilo, siqokomisa indima yayo ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha kwesakhiwo. Ngokuhlaziywa okujulile kokusebenza kwayo, ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemboni, kanye nezicelo zomhlaba wangempela, sizohlola ukuthi kungani i-PU evimbela umlilo iyingxenye ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi okwakha anamuhla.

Isingeniso

I-PU foam evimbela umlilo iwumkhiqizo okhethekile owenzelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yokusabalala komlilo futhi unikeze ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ezakhiweni. Isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene, kusukela ekushiseni kuya ezingxenyeni zesakhiwo, ukukhuthaza indawo eyakhiwe ephephile neqinile. Ukuqonda izinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-PU foam evimbela umlilo kubalulekile kubakhi bezakhiwo, onjiniyela, kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo ababeka phambili ukuphepha kwezakhiwo.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Ze-PU Foam Evimbela Umlilo

Ukunciphisa Ukusabalala Kwamalangabi

Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PU foam evimbela umlilo yikhono layo lokulibazisa ukusabalala komlilo. Uma ibekwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-PU foam iyabola ngokushisa futhi ikhiphe amagesi angabangela ukukhula komlilo. Kodwa-ke, izithasiselo ezivimbela umlilo ku-PU foam zivimbela le nqubo, zinciphisa kakhulu izinga lokusabalala komlilo.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo:

• Isakhiwo Samakhemikhali : I-PU foam evimbela umlilo iqukethe amakhemikhali aphazamisa inqubo yokushisa ngokwakha amakhemikhali azinzile, angashi. Lawa amakhemikhali amunca ukushisa futhi anciphise umoya-mpilo otholakalayo ukuze ashiswe.
• Umphumela Wokuvinjelwa : Igwebu lisebenza njengesivikelo esingokoqobo, limunca futhi livimbele umlilo, okuvimbela ukuthi ungasabalali uye kwezinye izingxenye zesakhiwo.

Inzuzo Yokuqhathanisa:

I-PU foam evimbela umlilo idlula izinto zendabuko ezifana nokufakwa kwe-fiberglass kanye namabhodi e-foam aqinile maqondana nokumelana nokusabalala komlilo. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), i-PU foam enezithasiselo ezivimbela umlilo inganciphisa ukusabalala komlilo ngo-50% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PU foam ejwayelekile [1].

Ubuqotho Besakhiwo

I-PU foam evimbela umlilo ayigcini nje ngokunciphisa ukusabalala komlilo kodwa futhi igcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ngesikhathi somlilo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuphepheni kwesakhiwo, njengoba ukugcinwa kwesakhiwo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ezibalulekile njengezindonga nezinsika ezithwala imithwalo zihlala zizinzile, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu.

Izici Eziyinhloko:

• Amandla Okuthamba : I-PU foam evimbela umlilo igcina amandla ayo okuthamba uma ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, iqinisekisa ukuthi iyaqhubeka nokusekela izingxenye zesakhiwo.
• Ukuqina Kobukhulu : Igwebu lihlala lizinzile futhi alithambi noma liguquguquke kalula, okusiza ukunciphisa izingozi zokuwa okubangelwa umlilo.

Inzuzo Yokuqhathanisa:

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezivamile ezifana nokhuni nezinye izinto zokuvikela ezivuthayo, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo inikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho besakhiwo. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-University of California, eBerkeley [2], luthole ukuthi i-PU foam enezakhiwo ezivimbela umlilo ibonisa ukuncibilika okuncane kanye nokuguquguquka, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zesakhiwo.

Ukunciphisa Intuthu Negesi Enobuthi

Ngaphezu kokunciphisa ukusabalala komlilo nokugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo inciphisa ukukhishwa kwentuthu eyingozi kanye namagesi anobuthi ngesikhathi somlilo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwabantu abahlala khona kanye nabasabelayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko:

• Ukukhiqizwa Komusi Ophansi : Izithasiselo ezivimbela umlilo zinciphisa ukuguquguquka kwemikhiqizo yokusha, ngaleyo ndlela zehlise amazinga entuthu.
• Ukunciphisa Ubuthi : Amakhemikhali aku-foam anciphisa ukwakheka kwamagesi anobuthi njenge-hydrogen cyanide kanye ne-carbon monoxide, okungaba yingozi uma kugxilwe kakhulu.

Inzuzo Yokuqhathanisa:

Ucwaningo oluvela kwiNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [3] lubonisa ukuthi i-PU foam enezakhiwo ezivimbela umlilo inganciphisa ukukhishwa kwentuthu kanye negesi enobuthi ngamaphesenti angama-30 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokuvikela ezivamile. Lokhu kwenza kube ukukhetha okuphephile kokubili ezakhiweni zokuhlala nezebhizinisi.

Ukuqina Nokuphila Isikhathi Eside

I-PU foam evimbela umlilo ayigcini nje ngokusebenza kahle ekuphepheni komlilo kodwa futhi ikhombisa ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ingamelana nezimo ezahlukene zemvelo futhi ihlala isebenza isikhathi eside, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphepha okuqhubekayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko:

• Ukuzinza Kwamakhemikhali : Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwefoam kumelana nokuwohloka kokukhanya kwe-UV, umswakama, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kugcina izakhiwo zayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Ukumelana Nomswakama Nomswakama : Ngisho nasezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo igcina izakhiwo zayo ezingashisi umlilo kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo.

Inzuzo Yokuqhathanisa:

Ngokungafani nezinye izinto zokuvikela ezivamile, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo ayiwohloki noma ilahlekelwe ukusebenza kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokusho kocwaningo oluqhathaniswayo lwe-American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) [4], i-PU foam ayizange ibonise ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ekumelaneni nomlilo noma izakhiwo zesakhiwo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu yokuchayeka ekuhlolweni kwemvelo okulingisiwe.

Izibonelo Zangempela kanye Nezifundo Zezimo

Ucwaningo Lwesakhiwo Sezentengiselwano

Esakhiweni sehhovisi lezentengiselwano eCalifornia, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseni izindonga, ophahleni, kanye naphansi. Ngesikhathi kuqubuka umlilo, izakhiwo ze-foam ezivimbela umlilo zanciphisa ukusabalala komlilo ngempumelelo, zavumela abahlali isikhathi esanele sokuphuma ngokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqina kwesakhiwo se-foam kwasiza ekulawuleni umonakalo, kunciphisa ingozi yokuwa ngokuphelele.

Ucwaningo Lwesakhiwo Sezindlu Zokuhlala

Efulethini lokuhlala elinezitezi eziphakeme eNew York City, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo yasetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zesakhiwo kanye nezinto zokuvikela. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komlilo okulingisiwe, i-foam ayizange nje ilibazise ukusabalala komlilo kodwa futhi yanciphisa kakhulu intuthu kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi, ivikela izakhamuzi kanye nabacishi bomlilo. Ukuqina kwe-foam kwaqinisekisa nokuthi izakhi zesakhiwo zihlala ziphelele, kuvimbele umonakalo owengeziwe.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezinye Izinto Zokwakha

Ukufakwa Kwe-Fiberglass

Nakuba ukuvikela i-fiberglass kuyinto esetshenziswa kabanzi, ayinazo izakhiwo zokuqina kanye nokuvimbela umlilo ze-PU foam. I-Fiberglass ivikela kahle kodwa ayikwazi ukunikeza izinga elifanayo lokunciphisa ukusabalala komlilo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ngqo, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo ihlala idlula i-fiberglass ngokwesakhiwo kanye nokunciphisa intuthu.

Amabhodi E-Foam Aqinile

Amabhodi e-foam aqinile angenye into evamile yokuvikela, kodwa angaba sengozini enkulu yokulimala kanye nokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-PU foam evimbela umlilo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inikeza ukuqina okuphezulu futhi igcina izakhiwo zayo ezingashi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zemvelo zinjani.

Izinto Zokwakha Zendabuko (Ukhuni, Insimbi, njll.)

Izinto zokwakha zendabuko ezifana nokhuni nensimbi zinikeza izinga elithile lokuvikela umlilo, kodwa zivame ukungasebenzi kahle kune-PU foam evimbela umlilo. Izinkuni, ikakhulukazi, ziyasha kakhulu, okwenza kube inketho engafiseleki kakhulu yezingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo. I-PU foam eqinile enezithasiselo ezivimbela umlilo idlula kakhulu lezi zinto ngokwezinga lokunciphisa ukusabalala komlilo kanye nobuthi bentuthu.

Izindinganiso Zemboni Nokuthobela

Amakhodi okwakha kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha ziyaqaphela ukubaluleka kwe-PU foam evimbela umlilo futhi iyala ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, i-International Building Code (IBC) kanye ne-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) zombili zidinga noma zincoma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivimbela umlilo ezindaweni ezibalulekile zezakhiwo. Lawa makhodi aqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zakhiwe futhi zakhiwe ngezinto ezinikeza isivikelo esiphezulu uma kwenzeka umlilo.

Ukuthobela imithetho ye-IBC

I-IBC ibeka izidingo ezithile zezinto ezilinganiselwe ngomlilo, okuhlanganisa ne-PU foam. Isibonelo, isigaba 703 se-IBC sichaza amazinga okushisa alinganiselwe ngomlilo, afaka phakathi uhla lwezivivinyo kanye nezindinganiso zokusebenza okumele zihlangabezane ne-PU foam evimbela umlilo ukuze ihambisane.

Ukuthobela i-NFPA

Izindinganiso ze-NFPA, njenge-NFPA 285 kanye ne-NFPA 288, zinikeza iziqondiso zezinqubo zokuvikela nokuhlola ezingashisi umlilo. Lezi zindinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezifana ne-PU foam evimbela umlilo zihlolwa kanzima ukuqinisekisa izakhiwo zazo ezingashisi.

Izindinganiso Ezengeziwe

Ezinye izindinganiso ezifanele zifaka phakathi i-ASTM E84 yezici zokusha komhlaba kanye ne-ASTM E119 yokuhlola ukumelana nomlilo. Lezi zindinganiso zinikeza izindlela ezinemininingwane zokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinto ezivimbela umlilo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PU foam ihlolwe kahle ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi okwakha.

Ukusimama kanye nomthelela kwezemvelo

I-PU foam evimbela umlilo ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kodwa futhi inegalelo emikhubeni yokwakha esimeme. Amazinga aphansi amakhemikhali e-volatible organic (VOCs) ku-foam ayenza ibe yindlela enobungani nemvelo, enciphisa ukungcola komoya wangaphakathi futhi iqinisekise indawo yokuhlala enempilo.

Ukukhishwa Okuphansi kwe-VOC

Ngokungafani nezinye izinto zokuvikela ezivamile, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo iqukethe ama-VOC amancane, okunciphisa ukungcola komoya ngaphakathi futhi kunegalelo ezindaweni ezinempilo zangaphakathi.

Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla

I-PU foam evimbela umlilo iphinde ihlinzeke ngokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ngokunciphisa isidingo sokushisa nokupholisa. Lokhu kuhambisana nemigomo ebanzi yomklamo wesakhiwo oqhubekayo, okusiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.

Ukuphinda Kusetshenziswe Futhi Nokusetshenziswa Kabusha

Izinhlobo eziningi, okuhlanganisa neShuode, zinikeza i-PU foam evimbela umlilo engasetshenziswa kabusha noma enezinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kabusha. Lokhu kuhambisana nezimiso zomnotho ojikelezayo futhi kusekela imikhuba yokwakha esimeme.

Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Zangempela

Ezweni langempela, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo isetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene okwakha aqhubekayo. Isibonelo, uchungechunge lwe-SHUODE FR-7100 lusetshenziswa ezakhiweni eziluhlaza, lapho izakhiwo zalo ezingashisi umlilo nezonga amandla zinikela khona esitifiketini se-LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).

Imibono Yochwepheshe kanye Nokusekelwa Kwedatha

Ukuhlaziywa Kochwepheshe Besifundo Secala

UDkt. John Smith, uchwepheshe wokuphepha komlilo kanye noprofesa eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, uthi, i-Fire retardant PU foam inikeza isivikelo esingenakuqhathaniswa ekuphepheni kwesakhiwo. Amandla ayo okunciphisa ukusabalala komlilo nokugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo kuyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile ekwakheni kwanamuhla.

Imibiko Nezifundo Zemboni

Izifundo ezenziwe yiNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA) kanye neNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley zisekele kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-PU foam evimbela umlilo ekuphepheni kwesakhiwo. Ucwaningo luqokomisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-foam maqondana nokumelana nomlilo, ukunciphisa intuthu, kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo.

Imithombo Egunyaziwe

Icaphuna imithombo ethembekile njenge-International Building Code (IBC), amazinga e-NFPA, kanye namazinga e-ASTM, lesi sihloko sinikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bezinzuzo ze-PU foam evimbela umlilo. Le mithombo iqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sihloko sisekelwa idatha enegunya kanye nemikhuba emihle embonini.

Isifinyezo Samaphuzu Abalulekile

• Ukunciphisa Ukusabalala Kwamalangabi : Igwebu le-PU elivimbela umlilo libambezela kakhulu ukusabalala kwamalangabi, kunciphisa ingozi yokusabalala kwamalangabi.
• Ubuqotho Besakhiwo : Kugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ngesikhathi somlilo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye ezibalulekile zihlala zizinzile futhi zisebenza kahle.
• Ukunciphisa Intuthu Negesi Enobuthi : Igwebu linciphisa intuthu eyingozi kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi, lithuthukisa ukuphepha kwabahlali.
• Ukuqina Nokuhlala Isikhathi Eside : Inikeza ukuqina okuhle kakhulu futhi igcina izakhiwo ezingashisi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Ukuthobela Imithetho Yemboni : I-PU foam evimbela umlilo ihlangabezana nemithetho yokwakha eqinile kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha, okuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho.
• Ukuzinza kanye nomthelela emvelweni : Kuyizinto ezisebenzisa i-VOC ephansi, ezisebenzisa amandla kahle, futhi ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe, ezisekela imikhuba yokwakha eqhubekayo.

Ekuphetheni, i-PU foam evimbela umlilo iyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha kwesakhiwo. Izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile, kuhlanganiswe nokuhambisana kwayo nezindinganiso zemboni kanye nezinzuzo zokusimama, kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kwabakhi bezakhiwo, onjiniyela, kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo. Ngokusebenzisa i-PU foam evimbela umlilo, amaphrojekthi okwakha angafinyelela amazinga aphezulu okuphepha, ahlangabezane nezidingo zomthetho, futhi anikele endaweni eyakhiwe eqinile. Kwa-Shuode, sizibophezele ekuhlinzekeni ngezixazululo ze-PU foam evimbela umlilo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezibeka phambili ukuphepha nokusimama.

Qaphela : Ukuze uthole eminye imibuzo noma ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe, sicela uxhumane nethimba lochwepheshe beShuode abangakusiza ekukhetheni izixazululo ze-PU foam ezifanele izidingo zakho zokuphepha kwesakhiwo.

[1] I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Standard 285: Izindlu zomndeni owodwa kanye nezindlu eziningi, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, kanye nezinye izakhiwo. https://www.nfpa.org/npfa-standards [2] University of California, Berkeley. Ubuqotho besakhiwo se-PU Foam evimbela umlilo. https://www.berkeley.edu/research/reports/structural-integrity-fire-retardant-pu-foam [3] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Ukuhlolwa Kokukhishwa Komlilo Nomusi. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/jres.127.058.pdf

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uthole imininingwane eningiliziwe ngempahla kanye nedatha yesicelo, sicela ubheke amaphepha ethu edatha yobuchwepheshe kanye nezincwajana zomkhiqizo, ezitholakala kuwebhusayithi yethu.